diff --git a/12.temporary_ins/65.geometrical-optics/50.simple-elements/20.mirror/20.overview/cheatsheet.en.md b/12.temporary_ins/65.geometrical-optics/50.simple-elements/20.mirror/20.overview/cheatsheet.en.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49959ef06 --- /dev/null +++ b/12.temporary_ins/65.geometrical-optics/50.simple-elements/20.mirror/20.overview/cheatsheet.en.md @@ -0,0 +1,194 @@ +-- +title: 'new course : overview' +published: true +routable: true +visible: false +lessons: + slug: simple-optical-elements + order: 2 +--- + +!!!! *LESSON UNDER CONSTRUCTION :*
+!!!! Published but invisible: does not appear in the tree structure of the m3p2.com site. This course is *under construction*, it is *not approved by the pedagogical team* at this stage.
+!!!! Working document intended only for the pedagogical team. + + + +--------------------- + +### The mirror + +#### What is a mirror ? + +##### Objective + +* initial : to **reflect** light, to **focus or disperse light**. +* Ultimate : to **realize images**, alone or as part of optical instruments. + +##### Physical principle + +* uses the **phenomenon of reflection**, described by the law of reflection. + +##### Constitution + +* Usually plane or curved (spherical for the most simple to realize, +parabolic or elliptical) **surface, highly polished** so that its surface +state deviates from its theoretical form of less than $`\lambda/10`$ at each point +of its surface ($`\lambda`$ being the wavelength in vacuum of the light to be reflected). +To increase the reflectivity of the mirror (percentage of reflected light +intensity per the total of the incident light intensity), the surface is +**most often metallized**. + +##### Interest in optics + +* **One of the most importante simple optical component** that is used *alone or combined in a series in most optical instruments* : +some telephotos, reflecting telescopes. + +#### Why to study plane and spherical mirrors? + +* **Plane and spherical mirrors** are the *most technically easy to realize*, +so they are the *most common and cheap*. +* In paraxial optics, the optical properties of a **plane mirror** are those +of a *spherical mirror whose radius of curvature tends towards infinity*. +Plane mirror, concave and convex spherical mirror + +![](plane-concave-convex-mirrors.png)
+Fig. 1. a) plane b) concave c) convex mirrors + +#### Are plane and spherical mirrors stigmatic? + +##### Perfect stigmatism of the plane mirror + +* A plane mirror is **perfectly stigmatic**. +* Object and image are symmetrical on both side of the surface of the plane mirror.
+$`\Longrightarrow`$ A real object gives a virtual image.
+        nbsp; A virtual object gives a real image. + +##### Non stigmatism of the spherical mirror + +* In each point of the spherical mirror, the law of reflection applies. +* A spherical mirror is not stigmatic: The rays (or their extensions) coming from an object point generally do not converge towards an image point (see Fig. 2.) +* A spherical mirrors with a limited aperture (see the angle $`\alpha`$ (rad) which is reduced on Fig. 3. and 4.) and used so that +angles of incidence remain small (see Fig. 4.) become quasi-stigmatic. + +![](spherical-mirror-rays-stigmatism-1000-1.jpg)
+Fig. 2. Non stigmatism of a convexe mirror. + +![](spherical-mirror-rays-stigmatism-1000-2.jpg)
+Fig. 3. But when we limit the aperture of the mirror + +![](spherical-mirror-rays-stigmatism-1000-3.jpg)
+Fig. 4 . and limit the conditions of use to small angles of incidence, then a image point can almost be defined : the mirror becomes +quasi-stigmatic. + + +##### Gauss conditions / paraxial approximation and quasi-stigmatism + +* When spherical mirrors are used under the following conditions, named **Gauss conditions** :
+\- The *angles of incidence are small*
+(the rays are slightly inclined on the optical axis, and intercept the spherical mirror in the +vicinity of its vertex),
+then the spherical mirrors can be considered *quasi- stigmatic*, and therefore they +*can be used to build optical images*. + +* Mathematically, when an angle $`i`$ is small ($`i < or \approx 10 ^\circ`$), the following +approximations can be made :
+$`sin(i) \approx tan (i) \approx i`$ (rad), et $`cos(i) \approx 1`$. + +* Geometrical optics limited to Gaussian conditions is called **Gaussian optical** or **paraxial optics**. + +#### The thin spherical mirror (paraxial optics) + +* We call **thin spherical mirror** a *spherical mirror used in the Gauss conditions*. + +##### Analytical study (in paraxial optics) + +* **Spherical mirror equation** = **conjuction equation** for a spherical mirror :

+$`\dfrac{1}{\overline{SA_{ima}}}+\dfrac{1}{\overline{SA_{obj}}}=\dfrac{2}{\overline{SC}}`$  (equ.1) + +* **Transverse magnification expression** :

+$`\overline{M_T}=-\dfrac{\overline{SA_{ima}}}{\overline{SA_{obj}}}`$  (equ.2) + +You know $`\overline{SA_{obj}}`$ , calculate $`\overline{SA_{ima}}`$ using (equ. 1) +then $`\overline{M_T}`$ with (equ.2), and deduce $`\overline{A_{ima}B_{ima}}`$. + +! *USEFUL 1* :
+! The conjunction equation and the transverse magnification equation for a plane mirror +! are obtained by rewriting these two equations for a spherical mirror in the limit when +! $`|\overline{SC}|\longrightarrow\infty`$. +! Then we get for a plane mirror : $`\overline{SA_{ima}}= - \overline{SA_{obj}}`$ and $`\overline{M_T}=+1`$. + +! *USEFUL 2* :
+! *You can find* the conjunction and the transverse magnification *equations for a plane or spherical mirror as well as for a plane refracting surface directly from +! those of the spherical refracting surface*, with the following assumptions :
+! - to go from refracting surface to mirror : $`n_{eme}=-n_{inc}`$
+! (to memorize : medium of incidence=medium of emergence, therefor same speed of light, but direction +! of propagation reverses after reflection on the mirror)
+! - to go from spherical to plane : $`|\overline{SC}|\longrightarrow\infty`$. +! Then we get for a plane mirror :
+! $`\overline{SA_{ima}}= - \overline{SA_{obj}}`$ and $`\overline{M_T}=+1`$ + +##### Graphical study + +*1 - Determining object and image focal points* + +Positions of object focal point F and image focal point F’ are easily obtained from the conjunction +equation (equ. 1). + +* Image focal length $`\overline{OF'}`$ : $`\left(|\overline{OA_{obj}}|\rightarrow\infty\Rightarrow A_{ima}=F'\right)`$

+(equ.1) $`\Longrightarrow\dfrac{1}{\overline{SF'}}=\dfrac{2}{\overline{SC}}\Longrightarrow\overline{SF'}=\dfrac{\overline{SC}}{2}`$ + +* Object focal length $`\overline{OF}`$ : $`\left(|\overline{OA_{ima}}|\rightarrow\infty\Rightarrow A_{obj}=F\right)`$

+(equ.2) $`\Longrightarrow\dfrac{1}{\overline{SF}}=\dfrac{2}{\overline{SC}}\Longrightarrow\overline{SF}=\dfrac{\overline{SC}}{2}`$ + +*2 - Thin spherical mirror representation* + +* **Optical axis = revolution axis** of the mirror, positively **oriented** in the direction of propagation of the incident light. + +* Thin spherical mirror equation :

+\-**line segment**, perpendicular to the optical axis, centered on the axis with symbolic *indication of the +direction of curvature* of the surface at its extremities, and *dark or hatched area on the non-reflective +side* of the mirror.

+\-**vertex S**, that indicates the position of the mirror along the optical axis;

+\-**nodal point C = center of curvature**.

+\-**object focal point F** and **image focal point F’**. + +##### Examples of graphical situations, with analytical results to train + + + +* with **real objects** + +![](Thin-spherical-mirror-InfAC-1000.jpg)
+Fig. 5. Concave mirror with object between infinity and C + +![](Thin-spherical-mirror-CAF-1000.jpg)
+Fig. 6. Concave mirror with object between C and F/F’ + +![](Thin-spherical-mirror-FAS-1000.jpg)
+Fig. 7. Concave mirror with object between F/F’ and S + +![](Thin-spherical-mirror-InfAS-1000.jpg)
+Fig. 8. Convex mirror + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +